9/22/2023 0 Comments Rubidium reactivity series![]() ![]() This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site.Ĭopyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. Images © Murray Robertson 1999-2011 Text © The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999-2011 Political stability of top reserve holderĪ percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.Ī percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. ![]() The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact High = substitution not possible or very difficult. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems.ĭata for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.Īn integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average.Ītoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.ĭensity is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm 3 at room temperature. The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right.Įlements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.Ī horizontal row in the periodic table. In conclusion, long-term treatment with lithium or rubidium, or the exposure to chronic stress, produced a condition of behavioral hypo-reactivity accompanied by a decreased dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens.A vertical column in the periodic table. However, the dopamine increase was significantly higher in controls compared to the other groups. p.) administered acutely increased extracellular dopamine concentrations in control rats, as well as in rats chronically stressed or chronically treated with lithium or rubidium. Accordingly, microdialysis studies showed significantly lower extracellular dopamine levels in rats chronically treated with lithium or rubidium compared to control animals. Rats showing an escape deficit secondary to chronic stress also presented decreased extraneuronal dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. twice a day before the exposure to unavoidable stress, was analogous to that of rubidium, but after repeated treatment a spontaneous escape deficit developed. The acute effect of lithium, administered for 3.5 days at the dose of 0.8 mEq/kg, i.p. ![]() Tolerance to the effect of rubidium developed after 9 days of treatment and, on day 15, rats presented a spontaneous escape deficit. Rubidium injected at doses of 0.008-0.08 mEq/kg 72 h before the unavoidable stress had the same efficacy as the acute 0. A dose-response curve with rubidium, administered acutely before exposure to unavoidable stress, showed a maximal protective activity on escape deficit development at the dose of 0. In the present report the effects of lithium and rubidium on animal reactivity to stressful stimuli and on dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens were studied. Rubidium and lithium are alkali metals belonging to the same periodic series as sodium, potassium and cesium. ![]()
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